Plants of the Pipe: Ancient Uses of North American Wild Herbs
From the Paleo Indians to the indigenous peoples of Turtle Island, the use of wild plants for medicinal and ceremonial smoking has a rich and fascinating history. While many are familiar with the ritualistic use of sage (Artemisia) or cedar (Thuja), there is a treasure trove of lesser-known plants that have been used for centuries. This article explores the taxonomy, historical indigenous uses, and how to use five common North American wild plants for smoking as natural remedies.
The Ethnobotanist's Toolkit
Before we delve into the specifics of each plant, it's essential to understand a few key terms and concepts that underpin ethnobotany:
Ethnobotany: The study of the relationships between people and plants. It encompasses the historical, cultural, and ecological aspects of plant use by various human societies.
Taxonomy: The science of classifying and naming organisms, including plants. A plant's taxonomy helps identify its family, genus, species, and common name.
Historical Indigenous Uses: Many indigenous communities have a deep understanding and relationship with local flora and use plants for various purposes, including medicine, rituals, and tools.
Modern Applications: While traditional plant uses have been passed down through generations, some plants have found new roles in modern herbal medicine and alternative therapies.
Now, let's embark on our journey through Turtle Island ethnobotany.
The Plants
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
Taxonomy:
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Verbascum
Species: thapsus
Common Name: Mullein, Great Mullein
Historical Indigenous Uses:
Mullein has a long history of use among indigenous communities in Turtle Island. The leaves of this plant were often dried and smoked to ease respiratory discomfort. Its soothing properties made it an invaluable remedy for asthma, bronchitis, and colds. Due to their velvety texture, the soft leaves were also used for makeshift toilet paper or moccasin padding.
How to Use Today:
Mullein is still used today for respiratory health, though less commonly smoked. Instead, it is often infused into a soothing herbal tea, consumed as a tincture, or used as a base for herbal smoking blends. Its anti-inflammatory properties can help alleviate respiratory issues and ease coughs. When using mullein for smoking, be sure to consult with an herbalist or healthcare provider for guidance on preparation and dosage.
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Taxonomy:
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Arctostaphylos
Species: uva-ursi
Common Name: Bearberry, Kinnikinnick
Historical Indigenous Uses:
Bearberry is a low-growing evergreen shrub found across Turtle Island. Indigenous peoples like the Ojibwa and Cree have long used bearberry leaves in ceremonial smoking blends. They believed the plant's smoke could invoke visions and communicate with the spirit world. Bearberry has a history of medicinal use, as it was used to treat urinary tract infections and digestive issues.
How to Use Today:
Today, bearberry is still used in herbal smoking blends for its mild euphoric and relaxation-inducing effects. It is also a key ingredient in some traditional smoking mixtures like Kinnikinnick. However, its primary modern application is in herbal medicine, where it is used for its antiseptic and diuretic properties, often as tinctures, capsules, or teas. Bearberry's active compound, arbutin, can benefit urinary tract health.
Red Willow (Cornus sericea)
Taxonomy:
Family: Cornaceae
Genus: Cornus
Species: Cornus sericea
Common Name: Red Willow, Red Osier Dogwood
Historical Indigenous Uses:
Red Willow, also known as Red Osier Dogwood, holds a special place in the traditions of many indigenous tribes, especially the Plains nations. The inner bark of the red willow was often used for ceremonial pipes. It was considered a sacred plant facilitating communication with the spirit world during rituals and gatherings. The bark was dried, shredded, and smoked in peace pipes.
How to Use Today:
While some indigenous communities still preserve the ceremonial use of red willow, it is not commonly used in mainstream herbalism. However, its historical significance remains intact. Today, red willow is preserved and protected to honor its cultural importance. If you are interested in exploring its ceremonial use, it is vital to consult with knowledgeable individuals from the respective tribes that continue this tradition.
Rabbit Tobacco (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium)
Taxonomy:
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Pseudognaphalium
Species: obtusifolium
Common Name: Rabbit Tobacco, Sweet Everlasting
Historical Indigenous Uses:
Rabbit Tobacco, also known as Sweet Everlasting, played a pivotal role in the folk medicine of various Native cultures. The leaves of this plant were dried and smoked to treat respiratory ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and colds. A smudge was also used to revive unconscious patients. Additionally, it was believed to have spiritual properties and was used in rituals to clear negative energy and promote healing.
How to Use Today:
While the traditional use of rabbit tobacco for smoking has diminished over time, it still finds a place in modern herbal medicine. Herbalists may use it in smoking blends for its potential respiratory benefits. However, its primary use today is in teas and tinctures, where it is considered an astringent and anti-inflammatory herb. You'll need to consult an experienced herbalist for proper guidance on its use.
Sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata)
Taxonomy:
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Hierochloe
Species: odorata
Common Name: Sweetgrass, Vanilla Grass
Historical Indigenous Uses:
With its delicate fragrance and cultural significance, sweetgrass holds a special place in the traditions of many indigenous communities, including the Plains nations. It was, and still is, used in ceremonial gatherings and rituals to invoke positive energy and summon spirits. The long, slender leaves are braided into long bundles and dried, often as a centerpiece in sacred ceremonies.
How to Use Today:
Sweetgrass is still used in various indigenous ceremonies, preserving its cultural significance. In addition to its use as a smudging herb, sweetgrass has found a place in aromatherapy and as an ingredient in herbal smoking blends. It is valued for its sweet, vanilla-like aroma and the calming and grounding effect it can provide. When used in smoking blends, it adds a delightful and spiritual dimension to the experience.
Cedar (Thuja spp.)
Taxonomy:
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Thuja
Species: Various species within the Thuja genus
Common Name: Cedar
Historical Indigenous Uses:
With its powerful aromatic presence, Cedar was regarded as a sacred and purifying plant by many indigenous communities. The smoke of burning cedar was believed to clear negative energies and evil spirits. The incense was used in purification rituals, sweat lodges, and as an offering to the spirits. Cedar was also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments.
How to Use Today:
Cedar continues to be used in ceremonial contexts and as an ingredient in smudging rituals. The aromatic qualities of cedar are highly valued for their spiritual significance and grounding effects. In herbal smoking blends, cedar imparts a unique flavor and aroma. It is vital to source cedar responsibly, as some species are protected, and overharvesting can harm local ecosystems.
Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)
Taxonomy:
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Artemisia
Species: Various species within the Artemisia genus
Common Name: Sagebrush, Worm Wood, Prairie Sage
Historical Indigenous Uses:
Sagebrush, from the Artemisia genus, has been traditionally used by various indigenous peoples, including the Dine' (Navajo), Lakota, and the Paiute. Its aromatic leaves were often dried and used in smoking mixtures for purification, protection, and healing rituals. Sagebrush smoke was believed to ward off negative influences and clear the mind.
How to Use Today:
Like many other plants on this list, Sagebrush continues to be used in traditional indigenous ceremonies. The smoke is believed to have a purifying and grounding effect. However, using sagebrush responsibly and culturally sensitive is essential, respecting its traditional significance.
Safety and Ethical Considerations
When considering the use of these plants for smoking or any other purposes, it is crucial to be mindful of safety and ethical concerns.
Key points to keep in mind:
Ethical Harvesting: Indigenous communities consider many of these plants sacred and subject to cultural and legal protections. Please always ensure you are sourcing them responsibly and respecting the traditions and rights of the indigenous peoples.
Consult an Expert: If you are interested in using these plants for medicinal or ceremonial purposes, consult with knowledgeable individuals from the relevant indigenous tribes or experienced herbalists who can provide guidance and ensure you use them safely and respectfully.
Potential Health Risks: Smoking any substance, even plants, can have health risks. Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to certain plants, and the act of smoking itself can have adverse effects on respiratory health. Always consult with a healthcare provider before using these plants.
Environmental Impact: Harvesting wild plants, even in moderation, can impact local ecosystems. Please ensure you know about any conservation concerns and practice sustainable harvesting methods.
"In our Lakota way, we believe that the smoke from the sacred pipe carries our prayers to the Great Spirit."
- Chief Arvol Looking Horse, 19th Generation Keeper of the Sacred White Buffalo Calf Pipe
The use of North American wild plants for smoking as natural remedies and in ceremonial contexts has a rich history rooted in the traditions of indigenous Turtle Island. These plants have spiritual, cultural, and medicinal significance, and their legacy continues in various forms today. While many of these plants have been adapted for modern herbal medicine and alternative therapies, it's essential to approach their use with respect, responsibility, and an understanding of their cultural importance.
As we explore the world of ethnobotany, we discover the interconnectedness of humans and the natural world. These plants serve as a reminder of the wisdom held by indigenous communities and the importance of preserving their traditions. So, if you decide to embark on a relationship with these plants, do so with an open heart, a curious mind, and a deep respect for the cultures that have safeguarded these traditions for generations.
References
Kuhnlein, H. V., & Turner, N. J. (1991). "Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use." Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology.
Anderson, M. K. (1997). "Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources." University of California Press.
Epling, C., & Lewis, W. H. (1953). "The Natural History of Smoke." Natural History, 62(2), 80-85.
Hunn, E. (1990). "Nch'i-Wana, ‘The Big River’: Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land." University of Washington Press.
Smith, H. (1996). "Ethnobotany of the Wukchumni and Yokuts Indians of the San Joaquin Valley, California." Economic Botany, 50(3), 263-271.
Bocek, B. R. (1984). "Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany, and Use." Journal of Ethnobiology, 4(2), 197-211.
Peattie, D. C. (1953). "A Natural History of Western Trees." Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Uprety, Y., Asselin, H., Bergeron, Y., & Doyon, F. (2012). "Contribution of traditional knowledge to ecological restoration: practices and applications." Ecosystems, 15(7), 1015-1027.
Zak Baker founded Bushlore Press, a publishing company rooted in Earth-based wisdom and ancestral skills. With over 25 years of experience as an outdoor skills instructor, author, and naturalist, he has shared his knowledge with diverse groups, including the Sierra Club, USGS, the State of Utah, and countless students. He has received traditional teachings from indigenous elders and is a certified Master Herbalist, Backcountry Guide, Wilderness First Responder, and Wilderness Quest facilitator. Zak's passions include ethnobotany, Earth-based ceremony and cosmology, and ancestral skills. He resides with his family near the Rocky Mountains of Utah, where they live deeply connected to the land.
